The United States has no domestic titanium sponge production. The last commercial sponge facility, operated by TIMET, was idled in 2020. Approximately 87% of U.S. titanium sponge imports come from Japan per USGS data.

Japan is a U.S. ally but has no titanium ore of its own. Japanese sponge producers source ore from Australia and South Africa, process it through the Kroll reduction process domestically, and export finished sponge to the U.S.

China produces approximately 63-69% of global titanium sponge and has tripled its capacity since 2018. Most Chinese sponge is not certified for Western aerospace applications. Russia's VSMPO-AVISMA, majority state-owned through Rostec, historically supplied 60-80% of titanium directly to Boeing and Airbus as a direct aerospace-grade sponge and ingot supplier, separate from the Japanese supply chain. That source is now sanctioned. The gap has been absorbed by increased purchases from Japan and Kazakhstan, not by domestic production.

Titanium is present in essentially all U.S. military aircraft, naval vessels, missiles, and satellites. There is no direct substitute material that matches titanium's combination of strength-to-weight ratio, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance for these applications.

IperionX (NASDAQ: IPX / ASX: IPX) is building domestic titanium production capacity in Virginia using a process that does not require imported sponge. The company has a commissioned manufacturing plant, the largest permitted titanium mineral resource in the United States in Tennessee, and approximately $309M in committed U.S. government funding.

The company is pre-revenue.

The Policy Context

U.S. titanium import dependency has been formally identified as a national security vulnerability by two consecutive administrations:

• 2017: President Trump issued Executive Order 13817 directing federal agencies to address critical mineral supply chain vulnerabilities
• 2021: President Biden issued Executive Order 14017, which led to a formal review concluding that reliance on foreign sources for critical minerals including titanium posed risks to national and economic security
• February 2026: President Trump announced Project Vault, a $10 billion U.S. Strategic Critical Minerals Reserve, and hosted a 54-country Critical Minerals Ministerial in Washington
• Current Congress: The bipartisan PRIMED Act (Slotkin/Ernst) has been introduced to reduce permitting timelines for domestic critical mineral production. A bipartisan group of senators has proposed a new $2.5 billion agency for domestic rare earth and critical mineral production

How Titanium Is Currently Made

The Kroll Process (1940s to present)

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The cost differential relative to steel is primarily attributable to the manufacturing process rather than material scarcity.

The Kroll process, developed by Wilhelm Kroll in the 1940s, is how nearly all commercial titanium in the world is produced today:

1. Titanium ore (ilmenite or rutile mineral sands) is mined, primarily in China, Mozambique, South Africa, and Australia
2. The ore is converted into titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) through a chlorination process
3. TiCl₄ is reacted with magnesium metal in a sealed reactor at approximately 850°C in an inert atmosphere over 50 to 100 hours, producing titanium "sponge," a porous metallic mass
4. The sponge is crushed, pressed, and vacuum arc melted into ingots, typically two or three times to achieve chemical homogeneity
5. Those ingots are hot forged, rolled, or extruded into mill products (plate, bar, sheet, billet)
6. The mill product is then machined or forged into finished components

The process from ore to finished part typically takes 6 to 18 months and involves multiple industrial facilities across multiple countries. Material waste from machining titanium mill product into finished aerospace components is routinely 80 to 90% by weight, meaning for every kilogram in a finished part, up to nine kilograms of raw material is consumed.

Sponge production (step 3) is the supply chain bottleneck. It requires large, capital-intensive reduction facilities and is concentrated in China (approximately 63-69% of global output, capacity tripled since 2018), Japan (around 15%), and Russia (around 11%). Japan sources feedstock ore from Australia and South Africa and runs a self-contained process domestically. Russia's VSMPO-AVISMA supplied aerospace-grade sponge and ingots directly to Boeing and Airbus as a separate supply chain, now sanctioned. Most Chinese sponge is not certified for Western aerospace applications. The United States has had no functioning commercial sponge facility since TIMET idled its last plant in 2020.

Why Kroll persists

Aerospace customers qualify specific titanium alloys from specific producers through FAA and DoD certification processes that can take years and substantial cost. Once a grade is qualified for a flight-critical application, qualification costs and program continuity requirements create barriers to changing source.

The Technology

IperionX has two patented technologies, HAMR (Hydrogen Assisted Metallothermic Reduction) and HSPT (Hydrogen Sintering and Phase Transformation), which together replace the Kroll process.

HAMR

HAMR uses hydrogen to reduce titanium oxide directly into titanium metal powder. The inputs are either recycled titanium scrap or raw titanium mineral concentrate. The output is titanium powder. The process does not require chlorination, magnesium, or the production of titanium sponge as an intermediate product. Because sponge is not an input, HAMR does not depend on foreign sponge supply chains.

HSPT

HSPT takes titanium powder from HAMR and sinters and phase-transforms it directly into near-net-shape components. Components come out of the press close to their final geometry, which reduces material waste from machining significantly compared to the 80-90% waste typical of machining titanium mill products.

Comparison to Kroll

Kroll Process	IperionX HAMR + HSPT
Raw material input	Titanium sponge (imported)
Process stages	6+ sequential stages
Energy consumption	Baseline
Carbon emissions	High
Material waste	80-90% from machining
Capital requirements	High
Feedstock geography	Russia, Japan, Kazakhstan, China
Lead time ore to part	6-18 months
Production method	Batch

Implications for incumbents

ATI, TIMET, Howmet, and other U.S. titanium producers source foreign sponge and process it through Kroll-based methods. Their competitive position rests on existing customer qualifications, alloy certifications, and long-term supply agreements. If HAMR and HSPT achieve the projected cost reductions at scale, the economics of Kroll-based production change relative to IperionX. The incumbents cannot adopt HAMR as the technology is patented by IperionX.

IperionX's February 2026 shareholder letter drew comparisons to the Bessemer process for steel, the Hall-Heroult process for aluminum, and Nucor's electric arc furnace adoption as historical examples of new production processes displacing incumbent ones through lower costs. Whether HAMR achieves comparable adoption remains unproven at commercial scale.

GenX

In February 2026, IperionX introduced GenX, a next-generation continuous HAMR platform. Current HAMR operates as a batch process. GenX is a patent-pending continuous production process, tested at lab and pilot scale. IperionX states it targets higher throughput and capital efficiency relative to the current batch process. Commercial-scale validation is expected in 2026. IperionX cites GenX as the basis for scaling toward 10,000+ tpa by 2030.

Cost trajectory

Titanium trades at approximately $25 to $50 per kilogram. Stainless steel is roughly $3 to $6 per kilogram. Aluminum is $2 to $3 per kilogram. This cost gap has historically confined titanium to aerospace, defense, and medical applications.

IperionX's stated cost targets:

• Current unit cost at 200 tpa: approximately $55/kg (reduced from a prior estimate of $75/kg with no additional capex)
• Projected unit cost at 1,400 tpa: approximately $29/kg
• Long-term stated goal: cost competitiveness with stainless steel and aluminum

ARPA-E has estimated $10/kg as the threshold at which titanium could begin substituting for steel and aluminum in broader structural applications. IperionX's $29/kg projection at 1,400 tpa does not reach that threshold. The global titanium fastener market is approximately $4.3B annually. The global stainless steel fastener market is approximately $15.2B annually.

The Tennessee Titan Project

Location: West Tennessee Size: Approximately 10,086 acres of surface and associated mineral rights (as of December 31, 2025) Resource: 243 million tons of mineralized material, the largest JORC-compliant titanium and rare earth mineral resource in the United States Mine life: 25 years (covering a portion of the total acreage) Permits: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation has confirmed all regulatory permit requirements have been met. The project is fully permitted for development and operations. Status: Definitive Feasibility Study targeted for completion Q2 2026. A major Japanese conglomerate is currently sole-funding bulk sample and due diligence test work for potential offtake and development financing.

The deposit also contains Dysprosium and Terbium, heavy rare earths used in high-performance permanent magnets for defense systems, robotics, and electric vehicles. China currently dominates global rare earth processing. The DFS will provide the first formal economic assessment of the rare earth component alongside the titanium resource.

U.S. Government Funding: $309M Committed

DPA Title III Grant: $12.7M (November 2023) Awarded under the Defense Production Act Title III, a program reserved for domestic sources addressing defense industrial base shortfalls. Used to commission and scale the Virginia facility to 125 tpa as a demonstration plant. The grant is matched on a 1:1 cost-share basis by IperionX, bringing the total funding amount to approximately $25M for this phase. DPA Title III is legally available to companies incorporated in the U.S., Canada, U.K., and Australia. IperionX's Australian incorporation is explicitly covered under the statute.

DoW IBAS Grant: $47.1M (fully obligated January 2026) Released in four milestone-verified tranches, each requiring government verification of milestone completion before release. In August 2025 the DoW revised the IBAS contract scope to prioritize expansion of Virginia production capacity over the original mine-to-metal supply chain development focus:

• Tranche 1: $5M for Titan mine DFS commencement and advancement to shovel-ready status
• Tranche 2: $12.5M (August 2025) for long-lead equipment orders for 1,000+ tpa scale-up (scope revision announcement)
• Tranche 3: $25M (September 2025) for full 1,400 tpa expansion acceleration
• Tranche 4: $4.6M plus 290 metric tons Ti64 scrap (January 2026), final tranche. All IBAS obligations now fully received.

Important reimbursement note: Both the DPA Title III and IBAS grants operate on a reimbursement model. IperionX incurs costs for approved activities and subsequently invoices the U.S. Government for repayment. Total grants across both programs are $59.8M. As of December 31, 2025, $13.3M has been reimbursed to date, with $46.5M remaining available for future reimbursement as IperionX invoices against approved activities.

DoW SBIR Phase III IDIQ Contract: Up to $99M (June 5, 2025) Sole-source contract. No further competition required for task orders. Any qualifying U.S. government agency can place orders directly. The contract covers "Low-Cost Domestic Titanium for Defense Applications" and task orders may encompass fasteners, higher-value aerospace components, and other titanium parts. A $1.3M U.S. Army task order for ground vehicle program titanium parts was the first drawn, announced June 11, 2025.

Virginia Halifax County IDA Tax-Exempt Bond Reservation: Up to $400M (at least $100M) The Industrial Development Authority of Halifax County, Virginia has authorized the issuance of tax-exempt private activity bonds of at least $100M and up to $400M to underpin future titanium production expansions. Subject to further approvals and not yet drawn.

290 Metric Tons of Ti64 Titanium Alloy: Delivered at Zero Cost Military-grade Ti64 alloy transferred directly to the Virginia facility in January 2026, surplus to U.S. Government needs. This represents approximately 1.5 years of feedstock at current 200 tpa full operating capacity. Combined with approximately 90 metric tons IperionX already held in inventory, total feedstock on hand is approximately 380 metric tons, or approximately 1.9 years of production at current capacity.

How the $309M figure is calculated:

• DPA Title III grant: $12.7M
• DoW IBAS grant: $47.1M
• DoW SBIR Phase III IDIQ ceiling: $99M
• Virginia IDA tax-exempt bond reservation: $150M (conservative figure used in IperionX materials; the authorized range is $100M to $400M)
• Total: $308.8M, rounded to approximately $309M

Note that the $99M SBIR and $150M IDA figures represent ceilings and reservation amounts respectively, not committed cash. The $59.8M in grants ($12.7M + $47.1M) represents the only fully committed and legally obligated cash funding.

The Rheinmetall Order and the XM30 Program

On January 22, 2026, IperionX announced a $300,000 prototype purchase order from American Rheinmetall to produce 700 titanium track pins for U.S. Army heavy ground combat systems. The press release does not name specific platforms, but American Rheinmetall is an existing qualified supplier to both the M1 Abrams and M2 Bradley programs and holds a separate $107.5M five-year contract with the U.S. Army to supply M1 Abrams main battle tank tracks. Replacing steel track pins with titanium is expected to reduce component weight by approximately 40 to 45% per component, translating to several hundred kilograms per vehicle. Delivery is expected within 8 to 9 months of the order date, placing delivery around September to October 2026. The press release states the order "has the potential to lead to a significantly larger agreement upon successful delivery."

The XM30 Context In June 2023, the U.S. Army awarded combined Phase 3 and Phase 4 contracts worth approximately $1.6B to two finalists for the XM30 Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle program: American Rheinmetall Vehicles LLC and General Dynamics Land Systems. The XM30 is designed to replace approximately 3,800 M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, which have been in service since 1981, at a projected total program acquisition cost of approximately $45B. American Rheinmetall's team includes Textron Systems, RTX, L3Harris Technologies, and Anduril Technologies. Both companies completed critical design reviews in 2025. In June 2025, the Army approved Milestone B, advancing the program into engineering and manufacturing development. However, in February 2026, Army Chief of Staff General Randy George and Secretary of the Army Dan Driscoll declined to sign documentation finalizing the Milestone B decision, leaving the door open to a major reworking of the program. A February 18, 2026 RFI sought innovative solutions for rapid design, production, and delivery of ground combat vehicles, which sources told Breaking Defense may be a backdoor effort to speed up or potentially revamp the competition entirely, potentially opening it to non-traditional vendors. XM30 is already the sixth attempt to replace the Bradley since the 1980s. Should the program be entirely restarted, it would be the seventh.

Under the current schedule, both companies are expected to deliver seven prototypes each by Q4 FY2026. Testing and evaluation runs through mid-2027, with a Milestone C winner selection targeted for Q1 FY2028 per DoD program documents, with first production vehicles fielded in FY2029 and full rate production in FY2030.

Why This Matters for IperionX If American Rheinmetall wins the XM30 program and IperionX has successfully delivered the current prototype order, the scale-up potential is significant across a fleet replacement of approximately 3,800 vehicles at a $45B total program cost. The $300K prototype order is the entry point to that potential relationship. Delivery performance by September to October 2026 determines whether the relationship expands.

Importantly, this relationship has value independent of the XM30 outcome. American Rheinmetall is already an active U.S. Army supplier with a $107.5M Abrams track contract. Maintenance, repair, and component replacement across the existing M1 Abrams and M2 Bradley fleets represents a near-term market that does not depend on a new vehicle program decision.

The risk is that the XM30 program is revamped or restarted, either delaying or eliminating Rheinmetall's position as a prime contractor. This is a material risk that investors should factor in when assessing the potential scale of the IperionX-Rheinmetall relationship.

Other Commercial Contracts

• Ford Motor Company: 45-month sourcing contract commencing 2025, with an expected total contract value of approximately $11M over 45 months (approximately $2.9M per year) for titanium powder and manufactured components. Ford has verified IperionX titanium meets or exceeds ASTM International standards.
• Panerai (Richemont Group): Production and sale of titanium components for Panerai's eTitanio Brabus and Submersible GMT Titanio Mike Horn luxury watch collections, manufactured using IperionX's 100% recycled low-carbon titanium powder.
• U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC): Titanium fasteners have been delivered for testing and installation on an operational platform, in partnership with Vegas Fastener Manufacturing under a Product Development Agreement running to April 2026. GVSC is the U.S. Army's primary research and development facility for advanced ground systems technology.
• Carver Pump: Supply of titanium components for U.S. Navy shipbuilding, announced December 15, 2025. The initial purchase order is for four prototype pump impellers at a value of approximately $100,000, with manufacturing anticipated to be complete in May 2026. IperionX expects to produce each component in under one week, compared to conventional cast parts which can exceed 12 months lead time via traditional casting. Successful prototyping could enable larger-scale production agreements with Carver Pump and the U.S. Navy for additional pump system components.
• Inventory Build: In parallel with custom prototyping, IperionX is building inventory for mass distribution channels. This includes standard titanium fasteners, nuts, and washers, alongside dedicated fastener production for the U.S. military, as disclosed in the December 2025 quarterly. This signals a shift from purely custom one-off prototyping toward standardized product lines.
• ISO 9001 Certification: Manufacturing operations at Virginia have achieved ISO 9001 certification, validating quality management processes as production scales. This is a prerequisite for many defense and aerospace customer qualification programs.
• 200+ NDA-backed customer engagements across defense, automotive, consumer electronics, aerospace, oil and gas, robotics, medical
• 90+ active customer programs
• 22 engagements in final prototyping or commercial negotiation as of the last quarterly report

Ownership Breakdown

ASX register (where the majority of shares are held):

• Institutions: approximately 43%
• Retail and general public: approximately 36%
• Insiders (executives and directors): approximately 17% (approximately AU$100M in aggregate)
• Private companies: approximately 4%

Key individual holders:

• Fidelity combined (FMR LLC U.S. approximately 8.1% plus Fidelity International approximately 9.7%): approximately 17-18% total, largest institutional holder. Note: BNY Mellon appears on the register as a large holder but in a custodial capacity only as ADR depositary for NASDAQ investors, not as an investing shareholder.
• Todd Hannigan (Executive Chairman): approximately AU$86M in personal holdings (approximately 7.9% of shares). Purchased 3.5 million shares in a single December 2024 transaction at A$4.43/share (AU$15.5M total).
• Taso Arima (CEO): approximately 2.3-2.5% of shares
• Dominic Allen (CCO): top 20 shareholder as of last annual report
• Van Eck Associates: added 830,731 shares in Q3 2025

Analyst coverage: William Blair (Outperform, initiated January 2026), Roth Capital (Buy, $74 target), consensus target $51

The Short Seller Report

Spruce Point Capital Management published their report on October 3, 2025, citing 70-95% downside risk under certain scenarios. The report received limited immediate attention but was widely picked up by financial media on November 12, 2025, at which point the stock dropped approximately 5.6% in premarket trading. IperionX issued a formal rebuttal on November 17, 2025, the day of which the stock dropped a further 9.6% on the ASX before recovering. The stock recovered from both drops and reached $61.45 in January 2026 before pulling back to approximately $47.58.

What Spruce Point actually argued: Their primary concerns included:

• The HAMR technology faces significant challenges displacing the 70-year established Kroll process and may not be commercially viable at scale
• The titanium powder market is already oversupplied with approximately 3.5x more global capacity than current shipments
• Several IperionX customer partnerships have expired or are no longer referenced by the company
• No revenues had been booked and no inventory appeared on the balance sheet as of September 30, 2025
• IPX management overlap with Piedmont Lithium, which previously faced its own short seller allegations
• IperionX had a prior material weakness in internal controls, which the company states was remediated
• Potential discrepancies in financial and operational reporting including Titan acreage, capex, G&A costs, and employee counts

Key facts from IperionX's November 17 rebuttal:

• IperionX confirmed it has no record of any prior contact by phone or email from Spruce Point before publication
• Spruce Point visited the former North Carolina office address, no longer the primary operation. IperionX clarified that nearly all operations, workforce, and administrative activities had relocated to Virginia. The person Spruce Point spoke with was someone at a neighboring business who said they never see anyone at the NC office. Spruce Point has never visited or requested to visit the Virginia manufacturing facility.
• IperionX confirmed $79.2M in cash and equivalents as at September 30, 2025 (the most recent quarterly figure at the time of rebuttal)
• IperionX confirmed all government awards, noted $43M in remaining obligated DoW funding available to draw, and cited $97M+ in additional SBIR funding capacity
• IperionX pointed to active commercial contracts including Ford, Panerai, and titanium fasteners already delivered to the U.S. Army GVSC for testing on an operational platform

Post-report context: The $12.5M IBAS tranche (August 2025) and $25M IBAS tranche (September 2025) both preceded the October 3 short report. After the report was published, the DoW continued to obligate additional funding tranches and the U.S. Army placed a new task order. IperionX states it has no record of any prior contact from Spruce Point before publication, and that Spruce Point visited a former North Carolina office address and spoke with someone at a neighboring business, having never visited or requested to visit the Virginia facility. Readers should review both the Spruce Point report and IperionX's November 17 rebuttal directly.

The Team

Taso Arima, CEO and Founder. Previously founded Piedmont Lithium (NASDAQ: PLL). Piedmont experienced permitting failures in North Carolina and was ultimately absorbed into a merger with Sayona Mining. The Titan Project in Tennessee has all major permits received prior to any mine development spend.

Todd Hannigan, Executive Chairman. Mining engineer (University of Queensland), INSEAD MBA. Prior roles at BHP Billiton, Xstrata Coal, MIM. Also Executive Chairman of Brazilian Rare Earths. Personal shareholding approximately AU$86M.

Toby Symonds, President. Prior roles at JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, SAC Capital. Responsible for commercial customer development. Built the 200+ customer NDA pipeline.

Scott Sparks, COO and Co-Founder. Engineering and operations lead. Has been with the company since founding.

Dominic Allen, CCO. Prior roles at Rio Tinto and Ernst and Young. Top 20 shareholder as of last annual report.

Board: Lorraine Martin (former Lockheed Martin EVP, Rotary and Mission Systems, 34,000 personnel), Beverly Wyse (former Boeing SVP, 787 Dreamliner South Carolina operations), Tony Tripeny (former Corning CFO, Wharton MBA).

Upcoming Catalysts

Half-Year Financial Report (HY FY2026) IperionX's half-year financial report covering the six months ended December 31, 2025 is expected shortly. Virginia is fully commissioned. The Ford contract commenced in 2025, the Rheinmetall order was placed January 2026, and the Carver Pump order was placed December 2025. This will be the first report where commercial revenue could appear.

2026: GenX Commercial-Scale Validation In February 2026, IperionX introduced GenX, its next-generation continuous HAMR platform. Commercial-scale validation milestones and performance data are expected during 2026. IperionX has stated GenX is the basis for scaling toward 10,000+ tpa by 2030.

Q2 2026: Titan DFS Definitive Feasibility Study for the Tennessee mine. Will provide the first formal economic assessment of both the titanium and rare earth resources, including Dysprosium and Terbium. The DFS is fully funded by the U.S. Department of War.

Mid-2027: 1,400 TPA Expansion DoW IBAS grant is fully obligated to fund the scale-up from 200 tpa to 1,400 tpa. Total expansion cost is approximately $75M, the majority of which is secured via the $47.1M IBAS award. At full utilization and $200/kg average selling price, projected revenue is approximately $280M against approximately $40M OPEX, implying approximately $260M EBITDA. These are company projections, not guaranteed outcomes. The company has also stated a goal of reaching EBITDA positive territory by year-end 2026 at current 200 tpa capacity.

Current Financials

Balance Sheet (as of December 31, 2025)

• Cash and cash equivalents: $65.8M (confirmed from December 2025 quarterly report)
• Debt: $3.93M
• Net cash position: approximately $61.9M ($65.8M cash minus $3.93M debt)
• Current ratio: 6.99
• Debt to equity ratio: 0.04
• Shares outstanding: 333.92 million (increased 36.29% over the past year due to capital placements)
• Total assets: $105.03M
• Total equity: $92.44M
• Total liabilities: $12.59M

Cash Flow (most recent data from December 2025 quarterly)

• Operating cash outflow H1 FY2026 (6 months to Dec 31, 2025): $16.7M = approximately $33.4M annualised
• Capital expenditures H1 FY2026: $16.4M = approximately $32.8M annualised
• Free cash flow: approximately negative $66M annualised at current capex deployment rate (capex is expected to decrease once equipment orders are placed and installed)
• The December 2025 quarterly's own Appendix 5B runway estimate: 7 quarters (approximately 21 months) at the December quarter's operating burn rate of $8.9M/quarter, based on $65.8M cash
• $46.5M in remaining government grant reimbursements substantially extends effective runway beyond the stated 21 months, as those funds are drawn as milestones are invoiced

Valuation (at current price of approximately $47.58 per ADS)

• Current market cap: approximately $1.30B
• Enterprise value: approximately $1.24B (market cap minus net cash)
• Revenue: $0 trailing twelve months
• EV/Revenue: not applicable (pre-revenue)
• Operating loss FY2025: $38.33M
• Net loss FY2025: $35.35M
• EPS FY2025: negative $0.119 per share (negative $1.191 per ADS given 1:10 ratio)
• Return on equity: negative 49.17%
• Return on assets: negative 44.06%
• Forward EV/EBITDA at projected $260M EBITDA (analyst-derived, 1,400 tpa scenario): approximately 4.8x

Capital Structure Note Share count has increased 36.29% over the past year due to four institutional placements totaling approximately $246M, none of which included a Share Purchase Plan for retail shareholders. This dilution should be factored into any per-share price projections going forward. Additional capital raises are likely before the 1,400 tpa expansion is fully funded and operational.

Competitive Landscape

ATI Inc. (NYSE: ATI) is the largest U.S. titanium metals producer, drawing approximately 66% of Q1 2025 revenue from aerospace and defense. ATI has secured a five-year USD $1 billion supply pact with Airbus and holds $1.2 billion in long-term commitments from aerospace and defense customers. ATI is currently expanding its titanium melt capacity at its Richland, Washington facility, with the expansion projected to bring total titanium melt capacity approximately 80% higher than 2022 levels across all facilities once fully qualified, with product qualifications expected through 2025. ATI holds a pilot production program for additive manufacturing grade titanium powder. However, ATI remains entirely dependent on imported titanium sponge as its primary feedstock, sourcing sponge from Japan, Kazakhstan, and other foreign suppliers. ATI's own annual report explicitly cites foreign sponge dependency as a supply chain risk to its operations.

TIMET (Titanium Metals Corporation), now a subsidiary of Precision Castparts (owned by Berkshire Hathaway), was historically the only U.S. producer of titanium sponge. However, TIMET's Henderson, Nevada sponge facility has been idled since 2020 and its Rowley, Utah facility has been idle since 2016. There is currently no active commercial titanium sponge production facility operating in the United States.

Howmet Aerospace (NYSE: HWM) is a major engineered components manufacturer that works extensively with titanium among other materials, recording 17% commercial aerospace sales growth in Q3 2024. Howmet is a downstream fabricator rather than a primary titanium producer and is similarly dependent on imported sponge feedstock upstream.

In the titanium powder segment specifically, competitors include AP&C (a GE Additive company) producing plasma atomized titanium powders for additive manufacturing, and Kymera International. These companies focus on powder for additive manufacturing.

Metalysis, a UK-based company, developed the FFC Cambridge electrochemical process that also bypasses Kroll. It remains pre-commercial and does not have a domestic U.S. operation or equivalent government backing.

IperionX's process does not require sponge, works from both scrap and domestic mineral concentrate, and is backed by a sole-source government contract structure. The company is not competing directly with existing U.S. sponge producers because no U.S. sponge production currently exists.

• No commercial revenue to date. All financial projections are forward-looking and unverified by actual commercial results.
• Execution risk. Scaling from 200 to 1,400 tpa is a 7x increase. Manufacturing scale-ups frequently experience delays, yield problems, and cost overruns.
• Government dependency. Current cash flow is primarily grant reimbursements. Commercial revenue needs to materialize independently.
• Founder track record. Arima's prior venture Piedmont Lithium experienced significant operational and permitting failures before a merger.
• Retail dilution. Four capital placements totaling approximately $246M have been completed without a Share Purchase Plan for retail shareholders.
• Foreign incorporation. Australian domicile creates potential future FOCI and ITAR compliance complexity as defense contracts scale.
• XM30 program uncertainty. Army leadership paused the Milestone B decision in February 2026. If the program is restructured significantly or General Dynamics wins, the potential upside from Rheinmetall relationship may be reduced.

How To Buy This On NASDAQ

IperionX is primarily listed on the ASX but also trades on NASDAQ under ticker IPX as an ADS (American Depositary Share). One ADS represents 10 ASX ordinary shares. It is accessible through standard U.S. brokerages including Fidelity, Schwab, TD Ameritrade, and Interactive Brokers. Current price: approximately $47.58 as of early March 2026.

The company is Australian-incorporated but operates entirely on U.S. soil. All financials are reported in USD. All operations, contracts, and government relationships are U.S.-based.

Not financial advice. I hold a position in IPX. Do your own research.

Positions: Long IPX