Student Loan Experiences Around the World

Hello, my fellow people who have spent far too much of their money, time and mental space at college/university. I know this subreddit is predominantly based in the US, but I'm curious about the ways that different countries approach student debt. I know there are some countries where tertiary education is government funded entirely, but of the countries where it is not, what is the best existing system?

Note: all monetary amounts below are in Australian dollars.
I am Australian, and in Australia we primarily have the HECS-HELP scheme (although there are also others) which is a loan from the Australian government. It allows us to defer our fees until we start earning a stable income. The threshold for the beginning of compulsory repayments is currently $67,000 and is withheld by the government together with tax (so you don't actually 'make' a payment).

The payment is calculated as a percentage of your income (rather than of the loan itself) and starts at $0.15 per dollar over $67,000 (i.e. if you earn $90,000 then you will pay $3910). This goes up with your income, up to 10% of your total repayment income when you earn over $179,286.

The loan has no interest per se but indexes approximately according to inflation. For example, in 2025 the indexation rate was 3.2%

There also is a maximum amount of money you can put on a HECS loan which is currently $121,844 for most students and $174,998 for students studying medicine, dentistry or veterinary science courses leading to initial registration or eligible aviation courses.

Overall, in my opinion, it's not a perfect system by any means, but it does take a significant amount of stress off of me, knowing that my repayments will always scale to my income, so I don't really have to worry about having these payments hanging over my head when I don't have the salary to manage it.

TLDR: What is the experience of student debt in different countries, and what do we think is the best system?