Is there a structured way to model when a firm should adopt digital technologies and to what extent?

I’ve been reading “Understanding Digital Transformation: A Review and Research Agenda” by Gregory Vial, and it got me thinking about something more practical.

A lot of the literature explains what digital transformation is and why it matters, but I’m struggling to find work that answers the question above.

It seems unrealistic that firms can:

• fully transform at once, or
• rely only on static cost-benefit analysis

since adoption clearly depends on:

• competitors
• industry trends
• and how widespread the technology already is

So I’m wondering:

Are there models (economic, network-based, diffusion, etc.) that help firms decide the timing and scale of digital transformation, rather than just explaining drivers after the fact?

Or is this still mostly handled through strategy + managerial judgment?