Why do oil price shocks affect some economies more than others?

Ive been looking at how different countries responded to the 1970s oil shocks and more recent price spikes like 2022. Some economies like Germany and Japan adapted relatively quickly while others like developing oil importers saw prolonged recessions and currency crises. What economic factors explain this variation. Is it mainly about energy intensity of GDP, diversification of export sectors, or the flexibility of labor markets and exchange rate regimes.

Also curious whether having a sovereign wealth fund or strategic reserves meaningfully changes the real economy response or just cushions the fiscal side.
Empirical papers or historical case studies would be helpful.