Nord Stream is a system of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe, running under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany. It includes two pipelines running from Vyborg in northwestern Russia to Lubmin near Greifswald in northeastern Germany forming the original Nord Stream (also known as Nord Stream 1; former names: North Transgas and North European Gas Pipeline), and two further pipelines running from Ust-Luga in northwestern Russia to Lubmin termed Nord Stream 2. In Lubmin Nord Stream 1 is connected to the OPAL pipeline to Olbernhau in eastern Germany, on the Czech border, and to the NEL pipeline to Rehden near Bremen in northwestern Germany. Nord Stream 1 is owned and operated by Nord Stream AG, whose majority shareholder is the Russian state company Gazprom. Nord Stream 2 is owned and planned to be operated by Nord Stream 2 AG, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Gazprom. The first line of Nord Stream 1 was laid by May 2011 and was inaugurated on 8 November 2011. The second line of Nord Stream 1 was laid in 2011–2012 and was inaugurated on 8 October 2012. At 1,222 km (759 mi) in length, Nord Stream 1 is the longest sub-sea pipeline in the world, surpassing the Langeled pipeline. The laying of Nord Stream 2 was carried out in 2018–2021. The first line of Nord Stream 2 was completed in June 2021, and the second line was completed in September 2021. Nord Stream 1 has a total annual capacity of 55 billion m3 (1.9 trillion cu ft) of gas, and the construction of Nord Stream 2 was expected to double this capacity to a total of 110 billion m3 (3.9 trillion cu ft). The Nord Stream projects have been fiercely opposed by the United States and Ukraine, as well as by other Central and Eastern European countries, because of concerns that the pipelines would increase Russia’s influence in Europe, and because of the knock-on reduction of transit fees for use of the existing pipelines in Central and Eastern European countries. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz suspended certification of Nord Stream 2 on 22 February 2022 because Vladimir Putin led Russia to recognize the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine as independent republics, and to deploy Russian troops in these territories. The name “Nord Stream” occasionally refers to a wider pipeline network, including the feeding onshore pipeline in Russia, and further connections in Western Europe.
0:00:00 – intro
0:00:13 – Summary
0:00:42 – Nord Stream 1
0:03:30 – Nord Stream 2
0:05:17 – Russian onshore pipeline
0:06:12 – Baltic Sea offshore pipeline
0:07:56 – Middle and Western European pipelines
0:08:24 – Supply sources
0:08:39 – Costs and financing
0:10:11 – Nord Stream 1
0:10:52 – Nord Stream 2
0:11:05 – Project companies
0:11:35 – Transportation contracts
0:12:21 – Nord Stream 1
0:12:30 – Political aspects
0:13:13 – Security and military aspects
0:13:52 – Economic aspects
0:14:32 – Environmental aspects
0:17:34 – Ethical issues
0:18:16 – Land-based alternatives
0:18:57 – World War II graves
0:19:36 – Political aspects
0:20:28 – Sanctions
0:22:11 – Public opinion
0:22:45 – Legal aspects
0:23:08 – Regulatory clearance
0:24:01 – Others
0:24:20 – outro
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