In light of the war in Ukraine, the question of energy (in)security has moved on top of the political and economic agenda in Europe and beyond. The Russian invasion has laid bare Europe’s energy dependency in multiple ways. Above all, it raises the question how the transition towards renewable energy sources can be accelerated and what role conventional energy sources should play in the short- and medium-term. Is there a realistic pathway through which renewable energy sources could fully power Europe in the near future? What should, alternatively, be the role of oil, gas, coal or nuclear in Europe’s energy mix, and for how long?
Oil, gas and mining